МИТРИДАТ 6 ЕВПАТОР ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ НА АНГЛ. ЯЗ. . (Проза)

Mithridates VI Eupator. Biography

"... I can not die from the poison because of my stupid predohranitnlnyh measures. Himself as terrible and as usual in the life of the kings of the poison - forces of infidelity, children and friends - I do not foresee myself, who foresees all poisons ... and managed to avoid them."
Reportedly Mithridates was born in 132 BC Mithridates Evpator led his ancestry on the father of the Achaemenid, but from the mother - from the Seleucids. It was an energetic and capable man, who possessed enormous physical strength. He has not received systematic education, but nevertheless, according to contemporaries, knew 22 languages, was familiar with the best representatives of the Hellenistic culture of his time, wrote a series of essays on natural history and was considered a patron of science and art. But he also characterized by superstition, treachery and cruelty. It was a typical Asian despot.
The fate of the famous in the history of the Ancient World Pontic monarch, military commander was not easy. He could not immediately inherit legally belonged to his father's throne, because due to the machinations of the mother and guardian he went into hiding, fearing for their lives. Deprivation adolescence largely determined the firmness and determination of the nature and the belligerence of Mithridates VI Eupator.
In 113 BC. e. Mithridates and his supporters returned to Pontus, and claims its royal power over the country.

Lucius Cornelius Sulla - a Roman Consul
However, he managed to achieve only after the merciless massacre of enemies among the nobility Pont. In his court secret killings have become commonplace. Only after such a prologue accession to the aristocracy of the kingdom of Pontus recognized its full sovereign.
His long reign of Mithridates VI Eupator began with a strong Pontic army, led by whom he intended to commit large gains. Indeed, at an early time of war, the king of Pontus, by force of arms to subjugate their neighbors Colchis, turning it into Pontic satrapy, and Lesser Armenia, Chersonesos, which was protected from the Scythian kingdom and part of the Scythian tribes settled in Tavria. Been concluded alliances with the free tribes of the Scythians, and Thracians bastarnami.
Bosporan king, the last representative of the dynasty Spartokidov, to relinquish power in favor of the Pontic king Mithridates Eupator. At that time there was a powerful kingdom Bosporan uprising of slaves and the poor under the leadership Savmaka, which managed to retain power within a year. The troops of Mithradates Eupator, led an expedition to the northern Black Sea region, put down an uprising of slaves in the Bosporan kingdom, which became part of Pontus.
Now the Bosporus state located on the shores of the Black and Azov Seas and conducted lengthy, and not without success, the war against the mighty Rome.
Gaius Marius - Roman general
Greek state and the Bosporus kingdom gave Mithradates Eupator considerable money, bread, fish and other food for his army. "Barbarous" peoples living north and east of the possessions of Pontus, regularly supplied the mercenaries in the imperial army.
Mithridates dreamed of creating a powerful state in all respects, able to become the successor to the Hellenistic dynasties. His influence on the eastern borders of Rome, he claimed not only by force of arms, as subtle diplomacy and committed politician. So, he gave his daughter to the Armenian king Tigran and could hope for in case of need for troops-in-law. Mithridates Evpator managed to establish peaceful relations with the leaders of the nomadic Scythian tribes, which Pontiacs carried on a lively trade.
But on the way the governor Bosporus seen terrible obstacle - the Roman expansion to the East. Mithridates VI Evpator decided to assert its dominance not only in Asia Minor, but also in adjacent territories, primarily in Greece.
The solution of this arduous task he began with the creation of powerful armed forces Bosporus - the army and navy. Mithridates Evpator managed to gather a huge army for that time (according to ancient sources, greatly exaggerate its real size) to 300 thousand people. Army has been hired and the royal treasury had more of a means by consistently collect taxes in Pontic state.
According to ancient sources, the navy Mithradates numbered up to 400 warships, built by local shipbuilders.
Mithridates VI Eupator in the image of Hercules
The creation of such armada was possible because among his subjects was a sufficient number of sailors of merchant ships and fishing, because fish, salted and milled form, was one of the major exports of the country. A large number of ships allowed to carry on the southern Black Sea coast and thousands of troops to wage war against the powerful Roman fleet.
Spring 88 years before the BC. e. king of Pontus invaded Roman Asia, and easily captured her. The conquest of the Roman province of Bithynia and Cappadocia was accompanied by a terrible massacre of the Romans who lived there and the Italians (the inhabitants of the peninsula are not citizens of the Eternal City). Indigenous peoples welcomed the arrival of their lands of Mithridates, who acted as the liberator of Asia Minor from the Roman domination. The rule of the Eternal City a heavy toll in Ancient Rome conquered nations, and they constantly rebelled against it.
Pontic ruler after a rather light for his victories in Asia, led his army and navy to the west. Pontiacs marched through Macedonia to Greece. In Rome, sounded the alarm, and were collected a large army under the command of the consul Sulla to repel the invasion army of Mithridates. However, erupted in the Eternal City of the struggles delayed campaign of the Roman army to the east, Greece.
During the first Mitridatovoy war (89-84 years BC. E.) Pontiacs drove the Romans from Asia Minor and Greece, defeated in several battles such famous generals of ancient Rome as Cassius, manias Akvilė and Oppy. King Mithridates repeatedly demonstrated in front of their opponents high generalship and became one of the most hated enemies of the Eternal City.
However, the first Mitridatova war began for Pontiacs defeat.

Gaius Julius Caesar, who defeated the son of Mithridates - Parnach
In 88 году royal army laid siege to the Asia Minor city of Cyzicus and unexpectedly found herself surrounded by the Romans under the command of Lucullus. But the commander did not decide on the general battle with Mithridates Evpatoria, although in numerous skirmishes with Pontiacs Roman (in their affidavits) troops inflicted considerable damage.
At this time the consul Sulla successfully launched a military campaign in the east. In the middle 87 years of his legions disembarked from the ships in Greece, has stood on the side of Mithridates before his arrival on the Greek land, and laid siege to Athens. Roman army, after much effort by the spring 76 years before BC. e. took the city, tried to throw off the yoke of the alien with Pontus.
In contrast to Asia Minor, Mithridates in Greece pursued military setbacks. Here he developed a strong opponent in the face of the ambitious commander Lucie Cornelius Sulla. In addition, the proximity of the Greek territory to the Apennines allowed Rome to constantly increase its military forces in Greece.
The army of Mithridates under the command of Archelaus and Aristion, passed through Macedonia, Greece joined properly only when Athens was taken at a military alliance to which the Pontic king had placed great hopes. Besides, now, in addition to Sulla, he was here, and another strong opponent who had come from Rome - mariantsev large army led by Gaius Valerius Flaccus, too, wanted the glory and spoils of war.
In 86 BC. e. Cornelius Sulla defeated the army of King Mithridates in two battles - at Chaeronea and Orhomene. The first of these the Roman general in command of 30-thousand well-trained and disciplined army. 90 thousandth of Pontus army, which had 90 war chariots, commanded the royal general Archelaus, who has not been able to use in battle numerical superiority. In the Battle of Chaeronea general Sulla in the first world war the practice of using well-conceived system of field fortifications.

Coin depicting Mithradates VI Eupator
From mitridatovoy cavalry, he defended trenches, and from war chariots - Palisades. Roman legions, to withstand the first onslaught of discordant ranks of the enemy, themselves went ahead and won a convincing victory.
When Orhomene opponents - Sulla and Archelaus - met again. Pontica cavalry at the beginning of the battle has dealt a heavy blow on lining up for battle and the Roman soldiers pressed the them. However experienced Sulla in such a critical situation showed his best side. He managed to withdraw the troops were getting for a retaliatory strike and smash the Pontic army.
Sam King Mithridates VI Eupator in the same year was defeated by Roman general Flavius pili in the battle of Miletopole. The victory of Roman arms was complete. After these defeats the army and the fleet of Pontus left the territory of Greece, which again took possession of the Romans. In the Eternal City with big festivities celebrating the victory.
Mithridates had hoped to gain a foothold in Asia Minor, thence to launch new military action against Rome, but events had overtaken him. In Greece, where there was mariantsev army under the command of Gaius Valerius Flaccus, the soldiers' mutiny broke out. Commander was killed and his place was elected leader of the mutiny soldiers of Gaja pili. He moved to Asia Minor and in the battle at Propontis mitridatovo defeated army that had begun to rebuild their forces.
Changed and the situation among the many Greek islands in the Aegean Sea. It has sole control of a strong fleet of Ancient Rome, replaced the weaker, although numerous, the Pontic fleet through the straits into the Black Sea.
King Mithridates VI Eupator sought peace, which was concluded in August 85 years before Mr.. e. in Dardania. Pontic monarch freed all his army occupied territories, especially in the area of Asia Minor, Ancient Rome and paid tribute to the size of two thousand talents. After the conclusion of peace Mithridates, as the loser, has managed to retain the main property. However, his relations with the ruling circles of the eternal city remained extremely tense.
Second Mitridatova War (83-81 years BC. E.) Was triggered by the Roman proconsul Licinius moray eels, and ambitious man who dreamed to become famous in the military field. However, Roman armies were defeated by the Pontiacs. A fragile peace between Rome and the powerful kingdom of Pontus was violated because of the seemingly small military incident.
Mithridates Evpator, well aware of the inevitability of a new military conflict with Rome, began vigorously to prepare for a new war with him.
He, a brilliant diplomat of the Ancient World, against Rome managed to create a powerful military coalition, which included the Scythians, Sarmatians, Thracians, Germans, and troops Sertorij in Spain, the Armenian King Tigran II and Pirates (kilikiytsy) the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, according to some sources, King Mithridates supported the slave uprising in Rome under the leadership of Spartacus.
In 75 BC. e. Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, bequeathed his kingdom to Rome.

Bust of Mithridates VI Eupator in the Louvre in France
But his tenure at the southern Black Sea coast of Asia Minor bordering on the Pontus kingdom. Mithridates presciently saw that this was primarily a military threat to its land holdings and their allies. Moreover, he himself claimed ownership of the king of Nicomede. In 74 BC. e. its 120 thousandth army with the support of the local population dependent on the invading Roman Bithynia and took it. At the same time the war broke out against the Romans, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia.
This third Mitridatova War (74-63 years BC. E.) Fought with varied success. In ancient Rome, took seriously the events of Bithynia in Asia Minor and moved there numerous army and navy, who had previously cleared the Mediterranean of the pirates of Cilicia. Commander in the East, was appointed consul Lucius Licinius Lucullus, whose name is linked first significant military successes of the Roman arms in the new war against the Pontic kingdom.
Initially, the Romans suffered defeat. The town of Nikopol Roman general Domitius Calvin, having under his command a legion, and points in Asia Minor, auxiliary troops, faced with the Pontic army, led by the king's son Pharnaces. After the first onslaught of the enemy's Asian allies of the Romans fled from the battlefield, and only the resistance of the Roman legions did not let defeat to take on disastrous proportions.
Large-scale naval battle took place in 74 year at Chalcedon. Roman fleet under the command Rutilio Nudona the appearance of the Pontic Sea Fleet, tried to get out of the harbor and lining up in battle line. However Pontiacs pushed the Romans back to the fortified harbor of Chalcedon. It seemed that in this battle at sea and over.
However, Pontiacs thought differently than their opponent. They destroyed the enemy's barricades at the entrance to the Chalcedonian harbor, which promptly broke their warships. During the violent clashes boarding all 70 ships of the Roman fleet commander Rutilio Nudona were destroyed.

Battle Tigranokerta in 69 BC (Map of the project "Ancient World")

It was a severe blow to the Roman sea power, which was one of the reasons for delaying the third Mithradates-ing the war.
Following these events, the consul Lucullus inflicted troops king Mithridates Eupator several defeats, skillfully using the advantages of modern, well-trained and disciplined Roman army. Mithridates was forced out by an opponent of Bithynia and Pontus. Lucullus forced him to flee to his brother-Tigran Armenian. Refusal to give in-law Roman Consul as a pretext for the war between Rome and Armenia.
Autumn 69 years before the BC. e. 10-thousand Roman army under the command of Lucie Licinius Lucullus besieged city Tigranokert. The besiegers were attacked by 100-thousand Pontiacs army under the command of King Tigran
Предложить лучший вариант перевода
Спасибо, что предложили Переводчику Google свой вариант перевода.
Предложить лучший вариант перевода:
After school, I enrolled in the College Building, which was located next to our house. And this helped me to Peter Ivanovich, who has been there, in college, great connections, because by the time he inspected the college on behalf of the fire inspection. And he put in a word for me. Not looking to pass the entrance exam without blat I was not able to do, but for those finishing school. Know why. The percentage of enrollment of our brother's fifth paragraph 5 percent • It was in October 1980. I lived in Kiryat Yame in Israel. I came here with my mother. We lived in a small apartment near the blue sea, but not black. and the Mediterranean. This sea reminded me of my usual black sea, where I spent my childhood and youth. Once I was sitting on the beach, which was located next to our house, thinking about privratnostyah fate, and watched the tide. Waves incident on the hot sand, covered with foam, covered the sun, which was enough here for the promised land. I looked into the distance and thought about the benefits of possession. I could move in their memories back and forth, sharing a life lived on the strip., Lines. But in any case not ostanavlivtsya, because the stop was tantamount to falling into a deep well, similar to the one I met in the catacombs, but that has no bottom, and from which it is impossible to escape. And I went back to his memories. But while going to lead on current events. A few days ago I met a woman, the wife of my friend, neighbor, of Kiryat Yama. They tied me to a rather chummy relationship. On the left, so his name was, I met a long time ago, through my friends, with whom he worked as an engineer in the municipality of Haifa. My friends and I sometimes visited a small restaurant, which sometimes went to dinner.  There, we relaxed a little, tasty eating, telling jokes, funny stories. One of my friends met Levu. It was a very likeable person, of our age. We, of course, a little drunk, and he began to boast of its main wealth, and said that there are mounted small balls. We do not believe. Then he pulled out of his pants his dignity and showed us. We are all dying with laughter. Then it turned out that Lev also lives in the seaside town of Kiryat Yame. After dinner I went with him and I remember he invited me to her and there, at his home, so I met his wife, Rima. It was a pretty woman, blonde. Her classes were pandering, gossips, divination, etc. Thus I became a friend of the family. So one day when we met her, and learn from me that I live with my mom, one without a wife, that Rome offered to introduce me to some woman who. just came to my mother from Minsk with his daughter. I agreed. Then in Rome told me that this woman not far from here teaches Hebrew, and soon the lesson to end. Maybe on the way we met her. We walked and walked, but Rome chattered with his tongue all kinds of nonsense. But suddenly stopped in Rome and said: "Well, here she is!" And I saw a woman walking towards us. Rome stopped, said hello and introduced us. She named herself simply Margaret. She was blonde, very pretty, even more than that. I looked into her eyes and suddenly remembered his young mermaid, which lost many years ago and it seemed to me forever. Margarita was remarkably similar to her. And I was not myself. "I think we had met somewhere?" Do not you think? "But where?" I asked. "How could this be, and how I could meet you, if you recently came from Minsk. Have you been to Minsk?" I negative answer: "None." I said that I was from Odessa, and there in his youth, met and made friends with a girl named Mermaid., And she (Margaret), surprisingly it reminds me of. Then I asked Margarita if she visited in Odessa. I received a negative response. But what-ta shadow fell over. Her face. She tried to, something to remember. And suddenly told me that she had a feeling if I had somewhere seen. "But where?" We went into a cafe. We sat, chatted for a while. Then spent Margarita to her house. She lived not podaleku from me. She showed the front door of the house and said that he lives on the 4. In the evening we agreed to meet. When I left, Rome said to me that Margarita is very good and nice. woman, only she was not lucky .. She came to her mother with her daughter. But found his mother very sick. In the evening we met. She was very cheerful and not be weary woman, despite all the hardships of life. I listened to her funny stories, songs that she sang to me with his magnificent voice, and felt it his mermaid. I suddenly noticed her ability to transform and remembered that she had once dreamed of becoming an actress. I told her about it. Margaret replied that he knows, because many people say to her about it. I started telling her jokes, I missed them. She roared with laughter, holding his stomach, squatting, and repeated: "Oh, I can not." . Then I remembered that I just laughed my mermaid. Then Margaret asked me to tell you about the girl with whom I was friendly, the mermaid. We sat on the bench and I told her the story of the Mermaid, his boundless love for her, and our first intimacy. As after the school dance, we strolled through the streets, kissing and recognized each other in eternal love and took an oath of allegiance. Then happened, I went on, then both innocent and magical, which is impossible to describe any words. She invited me to her, and she wanted it. For the first time I visited her home. It had a separate, relatively spacious and comfortable room. I was struck by a large bookcase with a lot of subions. Against the wall stood a wide and very comfortable krovat.Ya shy, stood variable from foot to foot, did not know what to do. She approached me, embraced and began to give his warm, extraordinary and unforgettable kisses. Mermaid beginning of the first to undress me, prdolzhaya kiss. I followed her example and did the same thing. Soon we were completely naked, like Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. We lay on the bed and mermaid whispered: "My life, take, take me, I'm forever yours." In her eyes filled with tears. I felt an extraordinary feeling of happiness and more incognizant desire, which is impossible to convey. Can not describe it first oobladaniya our sense of each other, and no poetry, no matter how talented, could not express it. We both ispili then until the end of the cup of our great love, like a grail, which gives eternal youth and immortality. Then he lay down, hugging each other, feeling a surge of renewed desire. After this unforgettable night of love on the next day I went to the Mermaid, but in vain, I desperately knocking on the door, and then waited on the street all day. The mermaid did not appear. Then I called her the next day, but in vain. I have many days went to her house. Once he asked one of his neighbors: "You do not know where it can be a mermaid?" "Well, where is the course to the sea." - They answered. A hand fingers made famous sign - "The guy with a greeting. At this time I was preparing for entrance exams to college, and preparing all necessary documents. Only a month later I returned to the Mermaid home. I opened an unknown woman and said that she does not know the Mermaid, and residents of the apartment have moved, and she незнает where. When I told this story about a woman with a mermaid, she replied that genuinely sympathetic, but unfortunately does not help mozhe. I am saddened returned home, thinking only of his Mermaid, hoping and trusting to the depth of my heart that she would find me. But time passed, the days passed, they were composed in the months and then in years, but the mermaid is not obyavlyalas.Ya many years longing for her, for my nymphs, and all our history has become a mere illusion. I began to think that with her that something had happened, because at heart he believed that the mermaid could not do this to me and always leave me. Well, that was then, said Margaret, you found it Unfortunately not. But all my life I was searching for her, her mermaid, but, alas, unfortunately did not find one. Then my whole zhozn was "not in that steppe. He was married 2 times, but unsuccessfully. Edenstvennoe what luck, it's education. Stroitelky graduated from college, then the institute. He worked in construction in Belgorod - Dnestrovsk and Odessa. And in 1974, arrived in Israel. I work here as an engineer in the municipality. Haifa. And now here poznakomilya with you, and you remind me of my image Mermaid. We both fell silent. .. Suddenly Margarita looked into my eyes and said: "And I want your Mermaid?" She was very impressed and rasstrogana my history. I took her hand and said that he agrees. The next day she invited me to his guests. Then she told me about himself. She lived in Minsk, one with a daughter who has grown up and is already 23 years old. Now she is walking with her boyfriend. She had a friend who was very fond, but which split in the circumstances. In recent years, she lived in the financial problems so she moved to Israel. Obtain a temporary apartment, and now teaches Hebrew. From her story I realized something important for yourself. Her daughter was born in 1957 in Minsk. I asked Margarita, where he was until 1957. She told me, "of course in Minsk, and where else." Then I asked another question "neither here nor there and, if she remembered her school. Margaret said that does not remember anything and did not remember how strange about his childhood, and what to remember when she had enough to eat a lot of current issues here in Izraile.A FUTURE subsequent conversations with her I found that quite Margarita no memory of the past, until the birth of her daughter. The next day I bought a lot of products and went to Margarita. We have built a banquet in honor of our friendship .. There just was not tasty things on the table. We raised a toast to our health, and suddenly heard a knock at the door. Margarita opened, and the room zaparhnula girl. Just looking at her I realized that it was his daughter Margaret. It was surprisingly similar to their mat.Eto had spilled a copy of the Mermaid, which I lost many years ago. And Margaret introduced us. It is hard to describe what I experienced in those moments. Soon I was waiting for a second surprise. Margaret put the plate, brought from Minsk, his favorite dance tunes. And invited me to dance. We started dancing. Suddenly I saw her neck a thin chain. Her blouse on the top button unbuttoned, and a chain, I saw a medallion - a coin. I told her that I had seen somewhere, something like that. And Margaret showed me the coin closer. And to my great surprise, I saw the image on the coin is the king of Pontus Mithridates 6 Eupator. Doubts could be, because this one-are in the Louvre, the second at the Mermaid, and the third from me. Learning the truth I was not myself, and the mermaids had to bring me a glass of water. She then asked me what was wrong. I leaned back on the couch and quietly, softly whispered "The Little Mermaid, my, my beloved." And once again I found myself on the line of his life lived, where he had to go forward only and do not stop, otomu that somewhere near a gaping black hole of the well without a bottom, which meant a drop in apparent DEATH. Or you can go back, but there was no road. And that evening I stayed at the Mermaid. Remained forever. And somehow, she told me: "You can not imagine what I can be good!" But for a long time she could not forget her lover, who stayed there in Odessa. I date the birth of her daughter has calculated the approximate date of conception, and I suspect that she is my daughter, too, and my Mermaid. But as it was possible to prove it, when DNA testing began to make sense in America in the late 80's. And then I remembered his childhood friend Nyumke. He also visited me at school graduation and was familiar with my mermaid. Nyumke also liked her, and I heard his frequent ecstasies and admiration for her. Nyumka also mourned its disappearance and expressed to me his jaws sympathy and understanding. But he soon left for the North and entered the Institute of Medicine. 5 years after the successful completion returned to Odessa and worked in the field Ginetiki, when at the dawn of her first shoots appear. With him, I sometimes saw. We remember the past, our successful search for treasures .. He once told me that the same suspect, as I do, that the second skeleton of the well was once my sister and not far away the moment when scientists will be able to blood and bones indefitsirovat biological objects. And he told me the secret that he then took a piece of bone from the skull of the skeleton of my sister Oli .. Because in the future, science will be able to prove that the skeleton belonged to her, this is possible. In 1974 Nyumka, Peter Ivanovich, including many of my friends accompanied me to Israel. And to the best of my knowledge, a few years after my departure Nyumka traveled to America, where he now works in a large research center Genetic studies. In America at that time lived my cousin Rita. That her mother died during the Second World War in German-occupied Odessa, when crowds of Jews led to the destruction of Domanevka. And Rita has saved a farmer, who took her from asking for the salvation of his daughter's mother. This is a sad story, which is very sad to remember. After the war, Rita's father found his daughter, remarried, and they all lived in our house. So I contacted the phone with Rita and asked her to find out and tell me the address Nyumki. And my sister, Rita knew him too well, because we all grew up in the same house. Time passed quickly. I have used the funds he had brought from Russia to Israel, set up his construction company, has received a lot of contract work in the area of Tel - Aviv, where we Mermaid bought his own apartment and a car. Some time later I received from Nyumki a welcome message. And soon he came to visit me and see me. We. with Mermaid staged in honor of my childhood friend unforgettable reception. We had not seen each other for 8 long years. Nyumka, having become acquainted with Marguerite, told me that he was somewhere he knows it, but can not remember nothing. Then,. learn that she was from Minsk, never was asked whether Margaret in Odessa. I made a friend with his hand and we moved the conversation to another topic. Nyumka wondered that with my mom. I said it all vporyadke and we Margarita it was frequently visited, and sometimes my mom is coming to us. Then I found a good time and said that I needed to talk with him. Nyumka turned to Margarita with delicate request: "Can your permission to let your husband for an hour prgulyatsya with me?" "A man's secrets," said Margarita joking. "Well go on, but not for long." We went out and found a bench in a park near our house, Iya told him its history. In the end I told him that I suspect that the daughter Mermaid our joint, and according to this and my daughter, too. And can the analysis to determine paternity? Here Nyumka told me the floor. DNA Nyumka continued: "Tell a friend, if she remembered whether it is your love story?" "No, I said, she remembers nothing from the day of birth until the birth of his daughter to marta1957goda." Well, my marriage even though she remembers, for example, day, month, last year? "In my opinion no. Well, you know," said Nyumka We have here a case of partial amnesia. Do your Mermaid is a violation of the brain, completely erased the memory from childhood to 1957goda. I do not think it could be restored. And it will change, because you told her the story of his love for the Mermaid, and she agreed it to be. You live with it vlyubvi and harmony. So what she remembered that there was in Russia. Leave everything for his memoirs. But I'll take you material for DNA and have your mom too. Nyumka the next day went with me and mermaids in Kiryat Yam, and took my mother's blood for analysis, and put a tube in a specially brought from America, they freeze up. My mom Nyumku immediately recognized, and told us about our pranks, which we long ago forgot. A mermaid, and we Nyumkoy laughed, as they say, to the premises. And there, far away, my grandmother was visiting Little Mermaid, which soon came to us, we introduced her to Nyumkoy. Then Nyumka understand why I want to do DNA analysis. Yes it is an exact copy of this Mermaid, said Nyumka. And suddenly she cried the first time: Daddy, Daddy, what he says, this man .. I looked at the mermaid. She was crying softly .. Nyumka took a blood test two Ruslok, mother and daughter. Soon we. parted with my mom and went home in Tel Aviv. Nyumka invited us in America, and my mother too. And a few day we made it to the airport, taking his word that he will go and see us often. And he joked to the two-mermaid-bound. And we continued to live with a mermaid in love and harmony. Often I have dedicated poems to her, and loved, as she reads them with great enthusiasm. And here is one of them, written in the early days zakomstva, and sunken into her soul: Flower Fields nevi Daisy You grew up among strangers, and weeds Called in early childhood simply Ritka Had a fierce and proud disposition.  You picked a rogue And kissed the lovely petals Then he threw in someone's evil menagerie The scatter of delicate fine sheets  Leaflets lay quivering in the throes They asked me to drink, but nebylo water Around wagged, howling Females And nebylo salvation from trouble   But the accident suddenly descended Wind Leaflets claimed in distant parts Where there is no winter, but only Good Evening There were the gates of God's paradise.  At the edge of another's why you noticed Sobral votselo again magic sheets And once again shone Daisy Throwing gently poet petals     2008-11-20  ISRAEL  TRIGUB LEONID  .   Mithridates VI Eupator.   Coin depicting Mithradates VI Eupator "... I can not die from the poison because of my stupid predohranitnlnyh measures. Himself as terrible and as usual in the life of the kings of the poison - forces of infidelity, children and friends - I do not foresee myself, who foresees all poisons ... and managed them in              Mithridates VI Eupator. Biography  "... I can not die from the poison because of my stupid predohranitnlnyh measures. Himself as terrible and as usual in the life of the kings of the poison - forces of infidelity, children and friends - I do not foresee myself, who foresees all poisons ... and managed to avoid them." Reportedly Mithridates was born in 132 BC Mithridates Evpator led his ancestry on the father of the Achaemenid, but from the mother - from the Seleucids. It was an energetic and capable man, who possessed enormous physical strength. He has not received systematic education, but nevertheless, according to contemporaries, knew 22 languages, was familiar with the best representatives of the Hellenistic culture of his time, wrote a series of essays on natural history and was considered a patron of science and art. But he also characterized by superstition, treachery and cruelty. It was a typical Asian despot. The fate of the famous in the history of the Ancient World Pontic monarch, military commander was not easy. He could not immediately inherit legally belonged to his father's throne, because due to the machinations of the mother and guardian he went into hiding, fearing for their lives. Deprivation adolescence largely determined the firmness and determination of the nature and the belligerence of Mithridates VI Eupator. In 113 BC. e. Mithridates and his supporters returned to Pontus, and claims its royal power over the country.  Lucius Cornelius Sulla - a Roman Consul However, he managed to achieve only after the merciless massacre of enemies among the nobility Pont. In his court secret killings have become commonplace. Only after such a prologue accession to the aristocracy of the kingdom of Pontus recognized its full sovereign. His long reign of Mithridates VI Eupator began with a strong Pontic army, led by whom he intended to commit large gains. Indeed, at an early time of war, the king of Pontus, by force of arms to subjugate their neighbors Colchis, turning it into Pontic satrapy, and Lesser Armenia, Chersonesos, which was protected from the Scythian kingdom and part of the Scythian tribes settled in Tavria. Been concluded alliances with the free tribes of the Scythians, and Thracians bastarnami. Bosporan king, the last representative of the dynasty Spartokidov, to relinquish power in favor of the Pontic king Mithridates Eupator. At that time there was a powerful kingdom Bosporan uprising of slaves and the poor under the leadership Savmaka, which managed to retain power within a year. The troops of Mithradates Eupator, led an expedition to the northern Black Sea region, put down an uprising of slaves in the Bosporan kingdom, which became part of Pontus. Now the Bosporus state located on the shores of the Black and Azov Seas and conducted lengthy, and not without success, the war against the mighty Rome.  Gaius Marius - Roman general Greek state and the Bosporus kingdom gave Mithradates Eupator considerable money, bread, fish and other food for his army. "Barbarous" peoples living north and east of the possessions of Pontus, regularly supplied the mercenaries in the imperial army. Mithridates dreamed of creating a powerful state in all respects, able to become the successor to the Hellenistic dynasties. His influence on the eastern borders of Rome, he claimed not only by force of arms, as subtle diplomacy and committed politician. So, he gave his daughter to the Armenian king Tigran and could hope for in case of need for troops-in-law. Mithridates Evpator managed to establish peaceful relations with the leaders of the nomadic Scythian tribes, which Pontiacs carried on a lively trade. But on the way the governor Bosporus seen terrible obstacle - the Roman expansion to the East. Mithridates VI Evpator decided to assert its dominance not only in Asia Minor, but also in adjacent territories, primarily in Greece. The solution of this arduous task he began with the creation of powerful armed forces Bosporus - the army and navy. Mithridates Evpator managed to gather a huge army for that time (according to ancient sources, greatly exaggerate its real size) to 300 thousand people. Army has been hired and the royal treasury had more of a means by consistently collect taxes in Pontic state. According to ancient sources, the navy Mithradates numbered up to 400 warships, built by local shipbuilders.  Mithridates VI Eupator in the image of Hercules The creation of such armada was possible because among his subjects was a sufficient number of sailors of merchant ships and fishing, because fish, salted and milled form, was one of the major exports of the country. A large number of ships allowed to carry on the southern Black Sea coast and thousands of troops to wage war against the powerful Roman fleet. Spring 88 years before the BC. e. king of Pontus invaded Roman Asia, and easily captured her. The conquest of the Roman province of Bithynia and Cappadocia was accompanied by a terrible massacre of the Romans who lived there and the Italians (the inhabitants of the peninsula are not citizens of the Eternal City). Indigenous peoples welcomed the arrival of their lands of Mithridates, who acted as the liberator of Asia Minor from the Roman domination. The rule of the Eternal City a heavy toll in Ancient Rome conquered nations, and they constantly rebelled against it. Pontic ruler after a rather light for his victories in Asia, led his army and navy to the west. Pontiacs marched through Macedonia to Greece. In Rome, sounded the alarm, and were collected a large army under the command of the consul Sulla to repel the invasion army of Mithridates. However, erupted in the Eternal City of the struggles delayed campaign of the Roman army to the east, Greece. During the first Mitridatovoy war (89-84 years BC. E.) Pontiacs drove the Romans from Asia Minor and Greece, defeated in several battles such famous generals of ancient Rome as Cassius, manias Akvilė and Oppy. King Mithridates repeatedly demonstrated in front of their opponents high generalship and became one of the most hated enemies of the Eternal City. However, the first Mitridatova war began for Pontiacs defeat.  Gaius Julius Caesar, who defeated the son of Mithridates - Parnach In 88 году royal army laid siege to the Asia Minor city of Cyzicus and unexpectedly found herself surrounded by the Romans under the command of Lucullus. But the commander did not decide on the general battle with Mithridates Evpatoria, although in numerous skirmishes with Pontiacs Roman (in their affidavits) troops inflicted considerable damage. At this time the consul Sulla successfully launched a military campaign in the east. In the middle 87 years of his legions disembarked from the ships in Greece, has stood on the side of Mithridates before his arrival on the Greek land, and laid siege to Athens. Roman army, after much effort by the spring 76 years before BC. e. took the city, tried to throw off the yoke of the alien with Pontus. In contrast to Asia Minor, Mithridates in Greece pursued military setbacks. Here he developed a strong opponent in the face of the ambitious commander Lucie Cornelius Sulla. In addition, the proximity of the Greek territory to the Apennines allowed Rome to constantly increase its military forces in Greece. The army of Mithridates under the command of Archelaus and Aristion, passed through Macedonia, Greece joined properly only when Athens was taken at a military alliance to which the Pontic king had placed great hopes. Besides, now, in addition to Sulla, he was here, and another strong opponent who had come from Rome - mariantsev large army led by Gaius Valerius Flaccus, too, wanted the glory and spoils of war. In 86 BC. e. Cornelius Sulla defeated the army of King Mithridates in two battles - at Chaeronea and Orhomene. The first of these the Roman general in command of 30-thousand well-trained and disciplined army. 90 thousandth of Pontus army, which had 90 war chariots, commanded the royal general Archelaus, who has not been able to use in battle numerical superiority. In the Battle of Chaeronea general Sulla in the first world war the practice of using well-conceived system of field fortifications.  Coin depicting Mithradates VI Eupator From mitridatovoy cavalry, he defended trenches, and from war chariots - Palisades. Roman legions, to withstand the first onslaught of discordant ranks of the enemy, themselves went ahead and won a convincing victory. When Orhomene opponents - Sulla and Archelaus - met again. Pontica cavalry at the beginning of the battle has dealt a heavy blow on lining up for battle and the Roman soldiers pressed the them. However experienced Sulla in such a critical situation showed his best side. He managed to withdraw the troops were getting for a retaliatory strike and smash the Pontic army. Sam King Mithridates VI Eupator in the same year was defeated by Roman general Flavius pili in the battle of Miletopole. The victory of Roman arms was complete. After these defeats the army and the fleet of Pontus left the territory of Greece, which again took possession of the Romans. In the Eternal City with big festivities celebrating the victory. Mithridates had hoped to gain a foothold in Asia Minor, thence to launch new military action against Rome, but events had overtaken him. In Greece, where there was mariantsev army under the command of Gaius Valerius Flaccus, the soldiers' mutiny broke out. Commander was killed and his place was elected leader of the mutiny soldiers of Gaja pili. He moved to Asia Minor and in the battle at Propontis mitridatovo defeated army that had begun to rebuild their forces. Changed and the situation among the many Greek islands in the Aegean Sea. It has sole control of a strong fleet of Ancient Rome, replaced the weaker, although numerous, the Pontic fleet through the straits into the Black Sea. King Mithridates VI Eupator sought peace, which was concluded in August 85 years before Mr.. e. in Dardania. Pontic monarch freed all his army occupied territories, especially in the area of Asia Minor, Ancient Rome and paid tribute to the size of two thousand talents. After the conclusion of peace Mithridates, as the loser, has managed to retain the main property. However, his relations with the ruling circles of the eternal city remained extremely tense. Second Mitridatova War (83-81 years BC. E.) Was triggered by the Roman proconsul Licinius moray eels, and ambitious man who dreamed to become famous in the military field. However, Roman armies were defeated by the Pontiacs. A fragile peace between Rome and the powerful kingdom of Pontus was violated because of the seemingly small military incident. Mithridates Evpator, well aware of the inevitability of a new military conflict with Rome, began vigorously to prepare for a new war with him. He, a brilliant diplomat of the Ancient World, against Rome managed to create a powerful military coalition, which included the Scythians, Sarmatians, Thracians, Germans, and troops Sertorij in Spain, the Armenian King Tigran II and Pirates (kilikiytsy) the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, according to some sources, King Mithridates supported the slave uprising in Rome under the leadership of Spartacus. In 75 BC. e. Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, bequeathed his kingdom to Rome.  Bust of Mithridates VI Eupator in the Louvre in France But his tenure at the southern Black Sea coast of Asia Minor bordering on the Pontus kingdom. Mithridates presciently saw that this was primarily a military threat to its land holdings and their allies. Moreover, he himself claimed ownership of the king of Nicomede. In 74 BC. e. its 120 thousandth army with the support of the local population dependent on the invading Roman Bithynia and took it. At the same time the war broke out against the Romans, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia. This third Mitridatova War (74-63 years BC. E.) Fought with varied success. In ancient Rome, took seriously the events of Bithynia in Asia Minor and moved there numerous army and navy, who had previously cleared the Mediterranean of the pirates of Cilicia. Commander in the East, was appointed consul Lucius Licinius Lucullus, whose name is linked first significant military successes of the Roman arms in the new war against the Pontic kingdom. Initially, the Romans suffered defeat. The town of Nikopol Roman general Domitius Calvin, having under his command a legion, and points in Asia Minor, auxiliary troops, faced with the Pontic army, led by the king's son Pharnaces. After the first onslaught of the enemy's Asian allies of the Romans fled from the battlefield, and only the resistance of the Roman legions did not let defeat to take on disastrous proportions. Large-scale naval battle took place in 74 year at Chalcedon. Roman fleet under the command Rutilio Nudona the appearance of the Pontic Sea Fleet, tried to get out of the harbor and lining up in battle line. However Pontiacs pushed the Romans back to the fortified harbor of Chalcedon. It seemed that in this battle at sea and over. However, Pontiacs thought differently than their opponent. They destroyed the enemy's barricades at the entrance to the Chalcedonian harbor, which promptly broke their warships. During the violent clashes boarding all 70 ships of the Roman fleet commander Rutilio Nudona were destroyed.  Battle Tigranokerta in 69 BC (Map of the project "Ancient World")  It was a severe blow to the Roman sea power, which was one of the reasons for delaying the third Mithradates-ing the war. Following these events, the consul Lucullus inflicted troops king Mithridates Eupator several defeats, skillfully using the advantages of modern, well-trained and disciplined Roman army. Mithridates was forced out by an opponent of Bithynia and Pontus. Lucullus forced him to flee to his brother-Tigran Armenian. Refusal to give in-law Roman Consul as a pretext for the war between Rome and Armenia. Autumn 69 years before the BC. e. 10-thousand Roman army under the command of Lucie Licinius Lucullus besieged city Tigranokert. The besiegers were attacked by 100-thousand Pontiacs army under the command of King Tigran Armenian. But at the very beginning of the battle he could not take a hill, which would protect the position of his cavalry. This took the consul Lucullus, skillfully Pontic cavalry attacking from behind and smashed it. After that, Roman legions attacked the enemy infantry and also broke her. According to Roman sources, clearly exaggerate the victory of the Roman army in Tigranokerte, Pontiacs lost about 100 thousand people, themselves the victors - only five (5) man!
In the next 68 BC. e. winner Lucullus marched at the head of the Roman army in the capital of Armenia Artaksatu (Artashat), but his campaign was unsuccessful. Response Mithradates Eupator not long to wait - he went with his troops in the offensive, the Romans conquered Pontus and Armenia.
In the beginning 66 years prior to BC. e. command of the Roman army in the East was transferred to the commander Gneyu Pompey. In the same year near the town of Nikopol took second in the history of the battle between the Romans and the troops of King Mithridates.
Gnaeus Pompey - Roman general
Pompey managed to dominate over the battlefield height, and Pontiacs had to settle marching camp under them. At night, the Roman legions suddenly attacked the sleeping Pontiacs and defeated them, turning the royal army to flight.
After this battle Mithridates was finally ousted from their possessions. He had to flee first to Colchis, and from there across the Black Sea to the capital city Panticapeum Bosporus (modern Kerch). There he decided to gather his strength and once again go to war against the hated him in Rome. However, support from the people and the troops escaped the Pontic king had not received.
Shortly against Mithridates VI Eupator rebelled Greek cities of the Northern Black Sea and Azov Sea coast. The revolt against the sovereign and lifted the tsarist army led by his son Pharnaces. Then in 63 BC, King Mithridates committed suicide by throwing himself on the sword, not wanting to surrender to the enemy. (According to other sources, the Pontic king ordered the servant to stab himself with a sword.) He thus avoided the humiliation of the winners.
The outcome of the Third Mitridatovoy War was the transformation of Bithynia and Pontus in the Roman province. Following this general Pompey went over the head of the Roman army of thousands to the Armenian capital Artaksate and forced the king to plead Tigran vassal of Rome and abandon in his favor on all of its gains. The death of Mithradates Eupator led to a significant increase in holdings of ancient Rome in Asia Minor.
Sources.
1. They were called the Great / otv. Ed. Roginskaya GU - Kharkov: Light-Press, 2000.
2. Shishov AV 100 great military leaders. - Moscow: Veche, 2000.
3. World history of wars. Book One. R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy. - Moscow: Polygon 1997.
4. World history. Roman period. - Volume 6 - Minsk: A modern writer, 2000.
Top | Home
Clara Gelman
1902 birth. The names of the parents of the Indus and Leiser (Lazarus). Was a housewife, her husband, Abraham, - the workers. Lived in Odessa. It was in 1942, burned alive in. 1942
Dressed Gelman
Born in 1896. The names of the parents of the Indus and Leiser (Lazarus). Was a housewife, her husband, Abraham, workers. Lived in Odessa. Was burned alive in 1942 with her mother, husband, son and sister in warehouses located in the area Tolbukhin. .

Trigub SAMUI SHULIMOVICH
Born in 1896 in a bold (Ukraine). Participated in the First World War. Since 1936, he was married to Mary Lazarovne Kalnitsky. He lived in Odessa, worked jeweler. Died heroically on Sept. 12, 1942 in the battles of Mozdok.
Olya Gelman
Born in 1921. Parents: Abraham and dressed Gelman. He lived in Odessa. Violinist. Was raped and hanged at his home on the street Zaslavsky 6 A.
Indus Gelman
1875 birth. Mother's Name - Rysya. From Odessa. Was a housewife, husband, Leiser, workers. It was burned alive in 1942 with her husband Abraham, her daughters and grandson.

Izzy Gelman
Born in 1918. Parents: Abraham and dressed Gelian. He lived in Odessa. He was a musician. Buried alive in 1942 with his parents, sister and other relatives in the warehouses, located in the area Tolbukhin.
KHAN Gelman
1906 year of birth. PARENTS: Indus and Leiser (LAZARUS was killed in Domanevka in 1942
C SON Lenya age 6

Trigub SAMUI SHULIMOVICH
Born in 1896 in a bold (Ukraine). Participated in the First World War. Since 1936, he was married to Mary Lazarovne Kalnitsky. He lived in Odessa, worked jeweler. Died heroically on Sept. 12, 1942 in the battles of Mozdok.
Labyrinths Odessa
At the beginning of past century in Odessa, there were only a few dozen stone houses. And the first builders lived mainly in the dugouts. But there was still one of the original type of housing - caves carved into the limestone cliffs. They are equipped with all sorts of stairways, passages, shelves, then there was everything necessary for life. They eventually abandoned kamegyulomni located within the city. Dwell among them poor labeled inputs and outputs, knew mazes. Odessa equipped with modern amenities, there is growing stone buildings. But the poor sailors and stonemasons still huddled in underground backyard. At first "cave house" stretched along the coastal strip from Cape Langeron in the direction of the Small Fountain. But to dignify "Marine Facade", on the orders of the authorities damp and gloomy stone vaults in these places were overwhelmed, and the gaping entrances - are sealed. The poor was chosen for his underground residence shore Kuyal'nitskogo first and Hadzibeevsky estuaries. Cave city in the Hadzibeevsky estuary existed in 20 of the last century. In Odessa collectors remain rare photographs, captured underground life. In the caves, catacombs dwell was not very comfortable. And not just because of dampness, drafts and cold. Another reason is that the stone they have chosen at that time, when not particularly respected security measures, and many places are threatened by landslides. And they have occurred, burying under a living people. But people put up with the inevitable - albeit underground, but still, after all, a roof over his head. And settled in his life. In old photographs, for example, colorful look "Fisherman's Corner" with fishing gear - oars, tackle, marine rail plywood floor, with a rickety ladder leading to the failure of the black entry and exit.
Multi across the earth's maze of Odessa, at a depth of 2 to 40 meters, represent a wonderful underground city. It has its "wide" avenues, large squares, narrow alleys and unexpected impasses. There is a land of Odessa and military bunkers different times, drainage tunnels used for dumping of groundwater. There in the underground city sewers for storm-water drainage, transportation galleries, Catacomb of the tank for the accumulation of rain water, wells, and a lot of natural karst caves, which millions of years. Intertwined in the most unexpected combinations, all of these groups and form a unique mazes.
Extent of urban catacombs - 1400 kilometers, but in view of the suburbs of Odessa, it can increase up to 3,5-4 thousand kilometers. For comparison: the length of the Parisian catacombs, a little over 300 kilometers, and Roman, brilliantly described in the novel by Alexandre Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo "- only 900. According to the head of an underground reserve of Odessa National University of Constantine Pronin, the catacombs of the city consist of abandoned quarries for the extraction of limestone and moves out of the basements of houses, the so-called "mines" that are not paved in limestone, and clay and loam. Major development of limestone are found under the central part of the city - under a Moldavian, large and small fountains, as well as the villages of Crooked beam, Nerubayske, Usatova, Ku yalyshkom. "Mina" broke through the outside of buildings, they were iodine streets and squares, combined with the quarries. Even the rough topography of the underground labyrinth of Odessa is not known. Since the beginning of the city catacombs served as a refuge for people who were in "conflict" with the city authorities: fugitive peasants, smugglers, underground fighters, guerrillas, bandits ... In the endless intricate galleries - sometimes narrow, and often quite broad, low or high, sometimes directly, but most of the winding - takes no trace of any border, nor a police dog. From the Odessa catacombs may leave only a dog, who grew up in them, as usual bore is only glimmer of a flashlight. Not knowing the mazes, get out of them almost impossible. The man left there without light, is doomed to destruction.
The catacombs have always enjoyed a bad reputation, serving as a haven for smugglers and criminals, gangsters and the homeless. Specific activities undertaken by the police, and then the KGB and the police, usually ended in nothing: for the criminal underworld catacombs were home. They found only traces of the inhabitants of the dungeon - scraps of clothing, human remains, but the inions on the walls, from which emanates horror. In Odessa catacombs with a variety of findings ... Among them are tragic - guerilla parking, found the enemy. In the catacombs convenient defensive. Then a soldier in a position to contain a large squad - were used only cartridges. But when the end victual and ammunition, one thing remains: to go or surrender, and is a sure shot, or shoot himself. Most partisans chose the latter. Once Odessa catacombs cave explorers found the remains of guerrillas of the Great Patriotic War. He was shot just under the ground. We put up against a wall and three-meter shot in the head. In place of the shooting remained only a skull without the neck and a bullet in the wall. Executed in the catacombs and traitors, captured guerrillas. The Germans and policemen, whom the guerrillas took prisoner in the incursions, then they host the same in the pit and shot. The skeleton of one of them with German buttons on almost rotted coat researchers also discovered the catacombs. In the dungeons of Odessa meet a variety of findings, which trace the complicated history of this seaside city: the castle diligently somewhat obfuscated by capsule gun mid XIX century, railroad spikes, "Petlyura shkalik" or just "a quarter" of the bronze pieces in 1915 (iron rust has eaten ) and ... toy soldiers remaining in the memory of the Romanian occupation.
Some of the finds became the Odessa museum exhibits. For example, Army flask made of glass - are produced only in August-September 1941, when there were difficulties with the metal, or trilinear rifle since the revolution. However, each output under the ground, especially in the exploration of new moves, can end tragically. According to one of Odessa's speleologists: "If you go active, somewhere every five years, falls under the landslide. One time I was sprinkled, the other - fell nearby. And once we sat and talked, and as only the beginning to crumble, run away. If it stayed, we would halt. The ceilings are there under the influence of water eventually exfoliate "cakes" about the size of a half to two meters thick and 10 - 15 centimeters. There is "pregnant wall, when under the weight of the ceiling from the walls begin embossed stones. But until the pressure reaches a critical point, the wall with the stones look like pot-bellied. People professions such as a driver, electrician, coal miner, sometimes dulled sense of danger. If something like this to notice a sapper, he was immediately transferred to the rear, or one way - to the next world. The same can be said about people, exploring the dungeons ... Then, when this period passes, the person is working properly ".
The complete history of the Odessa catacombs has not yet created. And, apparently, it does not end in sight. Many have done and continue to do the urban section of Speleology and patriotic youth squad "Search".
"Treasures and Treasures.

"Legends of the caves.

"Stories about the cave

"Animals caves.

"The puzzle of history.

"Links.

"Site News
"Jokes
"Encyclopedia of caves

"Photo of the caves
"Flash game about cave
"Forum

______________________________
"The coffin of Queen Tamara
"Kazbek Monastery
"Vardzia-town in a cave
"The Holy Grail
"Liberia IV the Terrible
"Underground Moscow
"Moscow Metro
Metro station on the zodiac
"Stalin tunnel
"Old Believers
"Dungeons Baltiysk
"The mystery of the island of Matua
"People of the ice
"Caves of Orel and Kursk
"Caves Crimea
"Fortress Ivangorod
"Muslim holy
"Stone Library
"Rogue Berlyuk
"Bunkers Chiefs
"Labyrinths of Odessa
"" Sleeping Beauty "
"The death of Paul 1
"White spirit caver
"Gangster caches
"Egyptians in Ukraine
"Mystery of the Holy Grail
"Mystery Nevsky
"Death of Robin Hood
"Assassins, assassins
"Legend of the Pied Piper
"The Miraculous Cross
"Leonardo Da Vinci
"Rome conquered China
"Great Amazon
"Napoleon and the pyramids
"Jesuits
"The Great Inquisition
"Plunderers of tombs
"Shroud of Turin

______________________________
Your browser does not support frames or is not configured to display them.

Shoah in Transnistria: the tragedy of Odessa Jewry *

Key dates
October 16, 1941
The occupation of Odessa, the German-Romanian forces (in the city is located about one hundred thousand Jews). Odessa became the capital of Transnistria
Odessa, 1941. German soldiers captured considering Krasnoarmejskoe bann
Odessa, 1941. German soldiers with the local girls in the port
16-18 October 1941
Teams eynzatsgruppen and soldiers from the Romanian operational echelon killed several thousand Jews. Held check the entire male population of 18 to 50 years, and most of the men arrested.
Odessa, 1941. Jewish men, driven to register

October 22, 1941 blow up the building of the Romanian commandant. Killing about 60 soldiers and officers, including the commandant of the city, General Glugoyanu. Immediately in response, was killed about five thousand hostages, most of whom were Jews. Thousands of Jews were rounded up in a suburban village Dalnik, where some of them were shot in an antitank ditch, and some were shot and burned in the four quarters. Those arrested in the first days of occupation were rounded up in artillery depots in the so-called Lustdorf road and burned there (after the liberation of Odessa in the ditches were found the remains of about 28 thousand people)

Odessa, November 1941. On the street after the explosion

Early November 1941. A mass expulsion of Jews from the city in Domanevsky district of Odessa region. Most of the Jews on foot, in groups of two to five thousand people were sent to svinosovhoz Bogdanovka and many died during the journey.
In this area they were to extermination camps Berezovka, Akmechetka, Domanevka ...
November - December 1941. In Odessa order is issued against the remaining Jewish population - the mandatory appearance at the jail all the men between 18 and 50 years of compulsory registration of jewelry, wearing a distinctive mark on the six-pointed yellow star.
January 10, 1942. Published on the order of the Romanian authorities to establish a ghetto in Slobodka - a distant suburb of Odessa.
January 14 --
February 20, 1942. Deportation of Jews in Berezovsky district of Odessa region.
December 20, 1941 --
February 1942. Massacres of the Jews of Bukovina, Bessarabia and Odessa in the camps Ahmechetka, Berezovka, Bogdanovka and Domanevka. Most of the victims were shot and burned alive by members eynzatsgruppen, Romanian soldiers, Ukrainian police and German colonists.
April 10, 1944. When Odessa Soviet troops.
At the time of the liberation of the city survived 600 Jews ...
November 8, 1941 through the Odessa newspaper "to the townspeople asked the governor of Transnistria Aleksyanu, a professor, an admirer of ancient Roman poetry:" The world and life form their power ... by turning to God and the creation of the ideals of the struggle for honor and respect for human life ... We are called ... the story behind it all who join us ready to serve these high ideals. " He served as the high ideals of the Romanian Order in the same newspaper: "All the men of Jewish descent aged 18 to 50 years within 48 hours to come to the city jail.
Odessa, 1941. Registration Jews
Stonoga Pavel Ivanovich, 1882 year of birth, a native and lives with. Bogdanovka Domanevskogo district Odesskly region, a member of the collective farm path of Lenin.
Showed:
In 1941, the camp, organized by the Romanian State Farm Bogdanovka "for the Jewish population, about the month of September started with a lead under escort big columns of the Jewish population, they were placed in the stables of the farm. (...) Who tried to infiltrate the camp, shot on the spot.
... Shootings began around December 21, 1941 and on a massive scale continued until December 25, then was made a break for the Christmas holidays until December 27. December 27, again started mass shootings, which lasted approximately until 10 January ... All day long in the village were heard the shots, but the burning flames of the fire was visible day and night wind brought the village smell of human flesh ...
Reading recorded with my words correctly. 2 nd May 1944 Signed: Stonoga
The Unknown Black Book. Testimonies of the Holocaust of Soviet Jews (1941-1944). Ed. I. Arad, T. Pavlova, A. Weiss, I. Altman. Jerusalem-Moscow, 1993. Pp. 132-133.
1. As explained the contradiction in the texts of the official organ of the occupation authorities "Odessa newspaper"? What is meant by the authors of the concepts of "honor" and "respect for human life"?
Ghetto Słabodka
In January 1942, in Odessa, was created ghetto. The venue was chosen for his district Słabodka. This area is separated from the rest of the city high railway embankment, which was convenient for the isolation of the occupants. There were rumors that the Jews settled in private homes Slobodka residents and those displaced to urban areas in the vacated apartments. This is a very worried residents Slobodka, who had no intention of parting with their own decent, houses. The rumors were ridiculous, really too good to be promised to the Jews.
In fact, the question was decided differently. After the official announcement of the expulsion of Jews from the ghetto of Odessa Slobodka was organized with a purpose: to concentrate the Jews in a small area, the better to prepare them for deportation. (...)
... As I said, Slobodka cordoned off from the city railway embankment. To get to the city only a few railroad bridges that have stood patrols and carefully checked for each document. Thus Slobodka is a guarded camp, out of which it was impossible without a pass. Expelled from the city of the Jews settled in an apartment with local residents, for which so paid one mark per day for each person. Every fascists surrounded several homes, herded into the street of the Jews who settled there and were taken to the school building, where another batch were equipped for the expulsion from the city. (...)
... Jews in Slobodka remained less and less. Fascists became more difficult to collect and to recruit another batch to be sent. Wanting at least for a short period of time to delay their death, doomed people were hiding, as they could.
David Starodinsky. Odessa ghetto. Memoirs. CCI "Hayteh", Odessa, 1991. Pp. 20, 24, 25
1. Describe the ghetto Słabodka in light of what you know about the other ghettos (not just Soviet). How do you think, come from rumors about the "exchange" of apartments and what purpose they persecuted?
Catacombs
We decided to delay the possibility of moving to Slobodka. Andronnikov invited me to his mother and other neighbors to hide in the catacombs, which started in the basement of our house.
In the catacombs we were about twenty people. Catacombs were a vaulted corridor, located at a depth of five to six meters, the walls and vaults of which were from the limestone. Approximately at a distance of thirty meters from the entrance corridor was blocked by a stone wall. Once connected the basement catacombs of the house with the sea-shore and served as smugglers to bring in the city without a fee prohibited goods. But over time they lost their original purpose and became a haven for bandits. To protect against an attack was blocked by solid walls of the catacombs, which was in our shelter. (...)
... With food matter was relatively well ... much worse than it was with the delivery of water. In the tap water was not, and carry water in large quantities from a well ... there was no one, besides, it could cause suspicion ... The water had to be divided, each of us a day is not getting any more than one glass.
In the catacombs, we were under constant fear. Every minute we could be detected, and that meant death ...
... In late January 1942 was discovered late on a wall, covering the entrance to the catacombs, and we came to the surface. The Board of what to do next? .. It was decided the next morning in secret by one, two by two out of the house to go to the 'Village and surrender to the enemy ...
David Starodinsky. Odessa ghetto. Memoirs. CCI "Hayteh", Odessa, 1991. Pp. 21, 22, 23
1. Compare the role played by the Odessa catacombs before the war and during the Holocaust. Explain why David and his mother decided to leave the catacombs?
The death of the Jews of Odessa
Domanevka (150 km from Odessa)
I want to very clearly means each letter of these names. After all these names: Sorting, Berezovka, Orphan, Domanevka, Bogdanovka, Gorka, rates - historical names. There were death camps. Here, the Nazis destroyed thousands of innocent people, thousands of Soviet citizens. Domanevka (it occupies among all the camps, a place of honor), I will describe in detail.
This is a regional center, a small town. On both sides Domanevka surrounded by hills. Around stretch the field. Here's a little wood, a beautiful little grove. In the bushes, the branches are still hanging rags, scraps of clothing. Here, every tree grave. There were murdered thousands of people.
That's a large cemetery animals. Here, buried thousands of horses, cows and ... Jews. That's a big deep ditch - there the Nazis shot 400 Jews. One can see the skeletons of animals and people ... This is a large ruined building of the former club. There was a concentration camp. Domanevka - bloody black floor. Domanevka - the center of all murders and deaths. Here they brought to their death from all corners of the party thousands of people. Steps followed one another without interruption ...
But we are here not just hit. From Orphan we drove in the pavement, the pavement - in Lidievku. We came from the pavement 3000 people in Lidievku people came to 500. Here we stayed for a month and five days. People were again placed in the stables, in the ruins. Horror Lidievki I will not describe, I will only say that Domanevka already expelled a small group of people. In addition to our family, from the stage almost no one left.
The Unknown Black Book. Testimonies of the Holocaust of Soviet Jews (1941-1944). Ed. I. Arad, T. Pavlova, A. Weiss, I. Altman. Jerusalem-Moscow, 1993. Pp. 117-118
Bogdanovka
It is situated on the banks of the Bug (25 km from Domanevka). Previously, there was svinosovhoz. Some of these famous huts survived until now. To one side is a small copse, or rather the park. Its avenues lead to the famous Bogdanovskaya well. Here from all sides, from Bessarabia, from Chisinau, Ackerman, Bukovina, a Ukrainian towns and villages, from Odessa, Tiraspol, were driven about 100 000 civilians. The main purpose of the killers was to remove all the values of people and destroy.
Sensing prey from all over came running all the dirty little people ...
Murder led the Germans. The chief of the gendarmerie was Romanians Malinesku. The chiefs of police were traitors Slivenko and Kravets. In the shootings took part Nikora and Kazakevich.
... Many people tried to escape. Caught, they were killed on the spot.
Since December 21 began the massacres and executions.
First death stripped naked and then led up to the pit. Death was made to kneel, face to the Bug. Nearby stood a barrel of wine ... The murderers are accompanied by wine and foam at the mouth and aim. They shot only explosive bullets, fired only in their heads. The bodies were thrown down in the pit. ... Assassins carts were exported all taken from the dead. The bodies were burned.
Several people from the Bogdanovites survived. They were forced to work and did not have time to shoot. The corpses of the dead turned into a huge pile of ashes. Above the famous Bogdanovskaya pit monument and write "victims of fascism." Maybe write the words from my poem:
No matter who you were, stop,
Approached, the traveler noble,
The tomb gloomy and cold,
At the heart of sadness look around.
Enveloped in anger and emotion
Not fog eyes filled with tears,
Reduced to ashes the ashes of people
Almost silent worship.
The Unknown Black Book. Testimonies of the Holocaust of Soviet Jews (1941-1944). Ed. I. Arad, T. Pavlova, A. Weiss, I. Altman. Jerusalem-Moscow, 1993.Str. 119-120

Pre-war photos from the family album family Pizorskih. They all died in the Odessa region in 1941 ...
Klinov Philip B., born in 1912, a native of hours Golovanevsk the same village, Odessa region, the employee, a Jew. Last place of residence of the city of Odessa, testified:
... On December 21, 1941 in Camp (Bogdanovka - approx.) There were fifty-four thousand people according to records headman camps Shoikhet Kopyl ...
... Where formerly housed two hundred pigs, there were about two thousand people. Instead of bedding for the pigs remained only Apr straw, on which lay people, and many people, including elderly and children, were in the courtyard under the open sky. Provocateurs who had infiltrated accident at night or same day for the camp in the village for food, beaten or shot.
17 or 18 December 1941 the police on someone's instruction set fire to two huts, which were more than two thousand people. All of them were burned, only a small part managed to escape. Approximately two days before the shooting a prisoner was allowed to go to fetch water from the Bug River for drinking. December 21, 1941 at dawn, was surrounded by one of the barracks, so we see couples, approximately fifty people and were sent under escort to the edge of plantation farm, where they were stripped naked, and then sent to the ravine for planting, put on 10-15 persons knees, and from a distance of fifteen meters shot ...
... This has happened every day on December 24, then had a break for three days due to Christmas holidays ... Since December 28 and January 10 in the same order, the start of mass shootings, this time followed by a hypocritical goltinskogo prefect ordered the cessation of mass executions. Thus, on 10-15 January 1942, was executed about 52 thousand people, and two weeks later died of starvation and exhaustion of about two thousand people ...
... I personally own findings 13 times by the ravine and shot. In ravine fall prematurely and in the evening with a working team left. Six people in my family were shot before my eyes, but I got into a working team consisting of 127 persons who remained alive. Another working team was formed of women in 50 people. Thus, of all prisoners in the camp, left 177 people dead.
Indications are written from my words correctly. May 1, 1944. Klinov Unknown Black Book. Testimonies of the Holocaust of Soviet Jews (1941-1944). Ed. I. Arad, T. Pavlova, A. Weiss, I. Altman. Jerusalem-Moscow, 1993.Str. 132
Ukraine, near Odessa. German guard accompanying a group of Jews with yellow stars on their clothes.
1. The more marked for the Jews Bogdanovka Christmas holidays?
2. What are the similarities and differences in the fate of the Jews of Odessa Bogdanovka and the Jews of Kiev at Babi Yar?
Ahmechetka
Internal view of the barracks in the camp Ahmechetka
We drove into the camp, located near the village of Ahmechetka ... In this place were destroyed many thousands of Jews. The camp had several long huts, which served previously with pen ...
... In the camp, gathered more than ten thousand people. Most were so-called "disabled" people, that is unfit for heavy work. Here were old men (or which looked like old), children, women with children were young, and brought to a state of total incapacity. Upon arrival at the camp we built and began to select at least more or less suitable for work. We had to select one hundred people. Everyone tried to get into this group, because it was clear that remaining in lagere doomed.
Despite the fact that I was only 18 years old, so I looked up that chance to get to the selected one hundred men was quite a bit ... it seemed that not only days or even hours of my life are numbered.
Somehow I still managed to squeeze in a selected group of people, and we were taken outside the camp. But when we built it and counted, it appeared that one person's superfluous. Accompanied the policeman looked at us all - the choice fell on me. I was ordered to return to camp.
My nerves could not stand, and I cried hysterically ... My sobs touched even the police. In it for a moment I woke up something human. He tried to tell me something reassuring, gave me a cigarette ... but still ordered to return to camp. (...)
Stay in Ahmechetke - one of the most severe and terrible periods of the life of the Jews from the ghetto of Odessa. Scariest Ahmechetki difficult to come up with anything. Thousands of people, isolated from the outside world, without food, doomed to starvation. The first men were dying, their endurance inferior female. There was no one to bury them. One of the huts was intended for the dying, who could no longer move ... It suffered all of the dirt. Lice were so many that they even crawled on the ground ... to fight with them was impossible. Number of them were myriad. (...)
Treatment Ahmechetke was extremely strict. It was enough to at least one foot to step over the ditch, protecting the camp, as it is punished by death ...
I saw a policeman shot and killed quite a child, crawled through a ditch.
On another occasion, returning to the camp, slowly, the two boys to share with parents acquired directly bread. Police shot and killed both at the camp, in front of their parents, from the pockets of the boys dropped the pieces of bread, which police immediately trampled underfoot.
David Starodinsky. Odessa ghetto. Memoirs. CCI "Hayteh", Odessa, 1991. Pp. 44, 46-48
1. Were there differences in the situation of prisoners in Bogdanovka and Ahmechetke? Why send back to Ahmechetku was a turning point in the fate of the young David? It is helped to survive in these conditions, the spiritual confrontation?
2. How humane is typical behavior of the Romanian police in relation to the prisoner? Why, in spite of compassion, he still returns to Camp David?
February 1942 - order a halt to mass executions
... It is said that the number of Jews killed in Domanevka reached 15 thousand. A record high, however, lead the villagers Bogdanovka, where the number of shot and burned alive the Jews came, as claimed, almost 60 000. Manifested in such forms of abuse occurred before the occupiers in February 1942 for a day or two before our arrival in Domanevka, when the order was issued, prohibiting the physical destruction of Jews. Under this concept, the idea to issue this order from the highest authorities in Romania, do not fit all those hardships, as cold, hunger, etc., which inevitably entail physical destruction. Cases of the shooting were also observed after the issuance of this order, but they were isolated, and the blame for them Romanians take on the German colonists.
As for living conditions, in which it was delivered the majority have been driven into the ghetto, it is more conducive to the physical destruction of a living person and it is difficult to think of ... ... for the majority of housing was provided dilapidated house with no windows and doors, barns, cowsheds ...
... Among the camps, which gave the greatest number of physical extermination of the Jews, not by shooting, but because of the lack of conditions necessary for basic existence, the first place is Akmechetka. The link in Akmechetsky camp looked like on the death penalty ...
From life in a Nazi prisoner of war. Memoirs and poetry student Leo Rozhetsky.
The Unknown Black Book. Testimonies of the Holocaust of Soviet Jews (1941-1944). Ed. I. Arad, T. Pavlova, A. Weiss, I. Altman. Jerusalem-Moscow, 1993. Pp. 127
1. How can we explain the decision of the Romanian occupation authorities to stop the mass killings of Jews in the early 1942?
Jewish resistance in Odessa
In September 1941, many thousands of Jews in Odessa were burnt alive in a large cordoned barn. However, a small group of 25 people managed to escape. Under the leadership of Hersh Furman they went into the catacombs, where elaborated coquinas, the main construction material in Odessa. There, in eternal darkness, they met another detachment, led by Badaev, detachments joined. Later they were joined and hide under the ground since the beginning of the occupation of the district committee of the Communist Party under the leadership of seeds Lazarev. The men, among whom were many women who come to the surface and obtained the information committed sabotage, attacks on patrols. Find them under the ground it was impossible, but the Germans used different methods of destruction: they tried to erase the gas, running into the ground, but found out about the inhabitants of the catacombs during the night have built a wall of stone and sand, covering the passage of gas. Have been poisoned all the wells which were used across the earth's inhabitants, but at a depth of 30 m. They dug two wells, at least for this and had to carve stone. Finally, sealed vertical shaft - the only source of air, however, and there were dug new mines. Spending a lot of effort, German and Romanian fascists filled with cement 400 holes - all found their entrances to the catacombs. The persistent search for underground movement helped to discover new moves at a distance of several kilometers from the main base. Nevertheless, when all the food reserves dried up, some people had been forced to surface. But not everyone is able to break through to the guerrillas - and twenty-three fighters, half of whom were women, fell into the hands of the Gestapo, 16 of them were executed. Under the ground remained Semen Lazarev and all the Odessa regional committee. They spent the whole time occupation - 900 days.
(Magazine "TumBalalayka» № 14, January-March 2000)
Listing the names of the soldiers in postmortem submissions to the awards, former deputy Badayeva Y. Vasin would mark "tasks are performed flawlessly," "Fear not know", "Brave in battle" [16, fax. 92, op. 1, 23]. But badaevtsy long troubled Romanians fighting: issued a traitor, almost all were rounded up in March 1942 [16, fax. 92, op. 1, 5].
... Underground movement of Odessa had the opportunity not only to fight, how many die.
In the archives of the Odessa Oblast Committee KPBU stored Help for Soifer Roberts Mikhailovich ", signed B. Sorochinsky, who sat with Soifer in the Romanian prison:
Soifer, RM, Jew ... Before the war he worked at the Odessa University Associate Dean of History and Philology.
Ukraine, Odessa. Partisans, emerging from hiding in the catacombs
After the war the regional party organization gave him a commission in the areas of human resource base for the guerrilla movement ... not the food stores, not the arms depots.
... Arrest he had found weapons (I think the revolver), except that he had links with other actors in the fight ...
... Him in the interrogation of a broken left hand. ... He was sentenced to death.
In prison, his health has deteriorated significantly (he seems to have had tuberculosis). After the verdict he was placed in solitary confinement, where he lay on his bed, not getting up ...
Since Soifer RM could not walk, he was very weak, the soldiers carried him to a bed net in the cemetery, where he was shot.
He behaved bravely and courageously, as befits a communist.
1. Whence prejudice that Jews "were, like sheep to the slaughter"? Is it justified in the light of which we know about the Jewish resistance?
Victor Bershadsky
For the sake of our love
This morning spring March
I hold no flowers,
In the cold steel machine.
I stand by the post
In a dark neck well.
Paradise, to celebrate early
But believe it: not too late to fight!
Above my head
Gestapo picks hardened,
For deaf pavement
Rattled trucks, conveyors ...
I hear you - barking dog
On the street barking dog!
And at the bottom of firefox
His torch lit amid the gloom.
I remember the trees and sky,
And the sea gull ...
If I had known, beloved,
As for you, I miss you!
Leonid Souchon, Transnistria: Jews in Hell, Odessa, Rio SA film company, South ", 1998, p. 271
Righteous people of the world
Chevalier Eugene
Andrew Chevallier
MD, Ph.D., professor Evreny Chevalier headed the department of psychiatry at the Odessa Medical Institute.